Soil Amoebae Affect Iron and Chromium Reduction through Preferential Predation between Two Metal-Reducing Bacteria

Soil protists are essential but often overlooked in soil and could impact microbially driven element cycling in natural ecosystems. However, how protists influence heavy metal cycling in soil remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a model protist, Dictyostelium discoideum, to explore the effect of interactions between soil amoeba and metal-reducing bacteria on the reduction of soil Fe(III) and Cr(VI). We found that D. discoideumcould preferentially prey on the Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Shewanella decolorationisS12 and significantly decrease its biomass. Surprisingly, this predation pressure also stimulated the activity of a single S. decolorationisS12 bacterium to reduce Fe(III) by enhancing the content of electron-transfer protein cyt c, intracellular ATP synthesis, and reactive oxygen species (e.g., H2O2). We also found that D. discoideumcould not prey on the Cr(VI)-reducing bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus. In contrast, B. laterosporusbecame edible to amoebae in the presence of S. decolorationisS12, and their Cr(VI) reduction ability decreased under amoeba predation pressure. This study provides direct evidence that protists can affect the Cr and Fe cycling via the elective predation pressure on the metal-reducing bacteria, broadening our horizons of predation of protists on soil metal cycling.