Graphene oxide decorated daidzein as an oral drug to ameliorate the oxidative stress and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vivozebrafish model

The low absorption and bioavailability of daidzein (DZ) limits its effective antiosteoporosis activity. In the current study, the carbon material graphene oxide (GO) was used to conjugate the DZ in order to improve the oral availability and bone formation activity. More specifically, the DZ flavonoid has been decorated with GO to form nano GO-DZ complex through adsorption methods. The conjugation of GO-DZ nano complex was well characterised using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), zeta potential and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The ratio of drug formulation was estimated using drug loading studies. The biocompatibility of GO-DZ nano complex was examined using hemolytic and anti-inflammatory assay. The GO-DZ complex (100 μg/mL) was found to be having high biocompatibility and effective. The in vitrodrug release assay demonstrated a stable and regulated manner of release of DZ from GO-DZ complex. The in vitrocytotoxicity assessment of GO-DZ complex towards human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63) demonstrated the bone forming ability and low cytotoxicity. Further in vivoinvestigation of GO-DZ (100 μg/mL) in zebrafish larvae demonstrated no embryotoxicity, mitigates oxidative stress, reduces apoptosis and bone forming activity through increased alkaline phosphatase activity, increased calcium mineralisation (p < 0.001), regulation of RANK/RANKL/OPG system. Thus, GO-DZ nano formulation could be used as an efficient antioxidant and antiosteoporotic medication with improved pharmacokinetic property and as an efficient oral drug.