Nutritional considerations for the vegan athlete.

Accepting a continued rise in the prevalence of vegan type diets in the general population is also likely to occur in athletic populations, it is of importance to assess the potential impact on athletic performance, adaptation and recovery. Nutritional consideration for the athlete requires optimisation of energy, macro- and micro- nutrient intakes, and potentially the judicious selection of dietary supplements, all specified to meet the individual athlete’s training and performance goals. The purpose of this review is to assess whether adopting a vegan diet is likely to impinge on such optimal nutrition and, where so, consider evidence based yet practical and pragmatic nutritional recommendations. Current evidence does not support that a vegan-type diet will enhance performance, adaptation or recovery in athletes, but equally suggests that an athlete can follow a (more) vegan diet without detriment. A clear caveat, however, is that vegan diets consumed spontaneously, may induce suboptimal intakes of key nutrients, most notably quantity and/or quality of dietary protein and specific micronutrients (e.g., iron, calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin D). As such, optimal vegan sports nutrition requires (more) careful consideration, evaluation and planning. Individual/seasonal goals, training modalities, athlete type, and sensory/cultural/ethical preferences, among other factors, should all be considered when planning and adopting a vegan diet.