Phanerozoic Tectonic and Sedimentation History of the Arctic: Constraints From Deep‐Time Low‐Temperature Thermochronology Data of Ellesmere Island and Northwest Greenland

Rocks exposed along both sides of the Smith Sound in Ellesmere Island and NW Greenland record the tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the whole Phanerozoic, including two periods of mountain building—the Palaeozoic Ellesmerian Orogeny and the Palaeogene Eurekan Orogeny—and the formation of two major sedimentary basins, the Franklinian and the Sverdrup Basins. We used geo‐ and thermochronology and apatite chemistry data to unravel this evolution. Apatite fission track and (U‐Th)/He dates vary strongly from >600 to <100 Ma. We present internally consistent thermal history models, which allow to explain the data variations by a unitized exhumation and burial history. Our models suggest that the cratonic areas were buried beneath a several km‐thick succession of Franklinian Basin deposits. During the Ellesmerian Orogeny, the craton acted as sediment source, as also suggested by the composition of apatite and by U‐Pb ages of zircon contained in Devonian foreland sediments. The Ellesmerian foreland was buried by up to 4–5 km thick strata on top of the preserved sedimentary rocks. During the Triassic, the Sverdrup Basin strongly widened and extended at least ∼370 km further toward the east, as compared with previous reconstructions of the basin based on the preservation of Triassic deposits. Thermal history modeling suggests Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic reheating, which may be caused by deposition associated with the Eurekan Orogeny and/or enhanced heat flow associated with continental breakup. Our data also show that low‐temperature thermochronology is not suitable for resolving potential strike‐slip movements along the Wegener Fault. We show that varying thermochronology data from the Arctic can be explained by a common erosion and sedimentation historyWe reconstruct the nowadays vanished sedimentary cover on top of the present‐day exposures of Ellesmere Island and GreenlandWe provide estimates for burial and exhumation in response to Ellesmerian and Eurekan tectonics We show that varying thermochronology data from the Arctic can be explained by a common erosion and sedimentation history We reconstruct the nowadays vanished sedimentary cover on top of the present‐day exposures of Ellesmere Island and Greenland We provide estimates for burial and exhumation in response to Ellesmerian and Eurekan tectonics