Functional annotation with expression validation identifies novel metastasis-relevant genes from post-GWAS risk loci in sporadic colorectal carcinomas

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third highest incidence cancer and is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Metastasis to distal organ is the major cause of cancer mortality. However, the underlying genetic factors are unclear. This study aimed to identify metastasis-relevant genes and pathways for better management of metastasis-prone patients.MethodsA case-case genome-wide association study comprising 2677 sporadic Chinese CRC cases (1282 metastasis-positive vs 1395 metastasis-negative) was performed using the Human SNP6 microarray platform and analysed with the correlation/trend test based on the additive model. SNP variants with association testing −log10 p value ≥5 were imported into Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA) for functional annotation.ResultsGlycolysis was uncovered as the top hallmark gene set. Transcripts from two of the five genes profiled, hematopoietic substrate 1 associated protein X 1 (HAX1) and hyaluronan-mediatedmotility receptor (HMMR), were significantly upregulated in the metastasis-positive tumours. In contrast to disease-risk variants, HAX1appeared to act synergistically with HMMRin significantly impacting metastasis-free survival. Examining the subtype datasets with FUMA and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified distinct pathways demonstrating sexual dimorphism in CRC metastasis.ConclusionsCombining genome-wide association testing with in silico functional annotation and wet-bench validation identified metastasis-relevant genes that could serve as features to develop subtype-specific metastasis-risk signatures for tailored management of patients with stage I-III CRC.