Experiences of known bystanders during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a scoping review and narrative synthesis

Around 90% of cardiac arrests occur either at home or in the workplace. The provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with a threefold increase in survival. The emotional and psychological effects of these events on bystanders are often neglected, but can be particularly pronounced when the person experiencing the arrest is known to the bystander. This study aimed to synthesise the available literature exploring bystander experience following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, with a particular focus on bystanders who were known to the person experiencing the arrest. A scoping review was undertaken in line with Joanna Briggs Institute guidance. Three online databases – the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus and Medline – were searched on 5 May 2024, alongside a grey literature review. A total of 12 articles were included, presented in three categories: ‘response dynamics’, encompassing the immediate reactions and decision-making processes; ‘emotional fallout’, including the long-term psychological and emotional impact; and ‘moving on’, examining the requirements for both practical and emotional support in the aftermath of the event. The review indicated that there is limited literature exploring the needs of families following observation or involvement in the resuscitation of a known individual. While the emotional and psychological impact is clearly substantial, there is currently no structured support system available following the event. The need for ongoing support and care for families is highlighted.