Interfacial Properties of Fluorocarbon and Hydrocarbon Phosphate Surfactants at the Water−CO<INF>2</INF> Interface

With high-pressure pendant-drop tensiometry, the interfacial tension (γ) and surface excess (Γ<INF>∞</INF>) for a family of ionic surfactants with identical phosphate headgroups and varying fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon tail structures were examined at the water−CO<INF>2</INF> interface. To compensate for the unusually weak CO<INF>2</INF>−surfactant tail interactions, we designed hydrocarbon tails with weak tail−tail interactions to achieve a more favorable hydrophilic−CO<INF>2</INF>-philic balance. Branching of hydrocarbon surfactant tails is shown to lead to more favorable adsorption at the interface, closer to that of fluorocarbon surfactants. γ for a double-tail hydrocarbon phosphate surfactant with a relatively high degree of tail branching was lowered from the water−CO<INF>2</INF> binary interface value of about 20 mN/m at 25 °C and 340 bar to 3.7 mN/m. This reduction in γ is attributed to both a decrease in the free volume between tails at the interface and reduced tail−tail interactions. In addition to tail structure, the effects of surfactant counterion, salt concentration, temperature, and CO<INF>2</INF> density on γ and Γ<INF>∞</INF> were investigated. The hydrophilic−CO<INF>2</INF>-philic balances of these surfactants are mapped by investigating changes in interfacial tension with these formulation variables. Low-molecular-weight branched hydrocarbon ionic surfactants are shown to stabilize concentrated CO<INF>2</INF>-in-water emulsions for greater than 1 h.