Geometric morphometrics techniques - a tool for evaluation of box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis invasiveness

Morphological variation can affect the ability of species to disperse and adapt to new areas. Geometric morphometric methods are valuable tools for assessing the extent of phenotypic changes influenced by genetic variation. Such methods were used in this study to determine the morphological variability of the box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis, Walker from Croatia and to assess its invasive character. Box tree moth is an invasive species that spreads rapidly, has high reproductive potential, and is highly adaptable. A cross-site analysis was conducted, and the dataset was partitioned by geographic area, with the intraspecific variation found independently between northern and southern populations. Results indicate that wing shape is influenced by agroecological factors, with forewings being more plastic than hindwings. Northern populations have broader wings, while southern populations have more elongated wings. Wing characteristics of box tree moths are of great importance in assessing their spread, especially given their high invasive potential. Using this innovative and effective, yet simple and inexpensive method, we can detect differences in wing shape and size and use these differences as biomarkers of variation between and within populations. These results suggest that geometric morphometric methods can be used to study the biological adaptation of box tree moths in native and newly invaded areas.