Laser stimulation of low-energy nuclear reactions in deuterated palladium

Models to account for the observed experimental results for low-energy nuclear reactions in palladium– deuteride systems are presented along with calculated results. The crucial idea is a mechanism of improved probability for the needed penetration of the Coulomb barrier for a D–D reaction. This facilitation occurs, in general, with the formation of $D^-$ ions at special frequency modes (e.g. via phonons) and, specifically for the laser-stimulated case, with utilization of enhanced optical potential at a selected interface. Both mechanisms may work individually, or together, to increase the probability of barrier penetration.