Introduction to cancer cell biology

Cancer comprises more than 200 genetically related diseases in which information about cells stored in DNA is altered, resulting in changes in gene expression and abnormal cell development, proliferation, and metastasis. Genetic factors, environmental factors, lifestyle factors, occupations, and certain biological factors play a crucial role in the development of various types of cancer. There are eight distinguishing and harmonizing features or hallmarks of cancer cells. These include sustained multiplication (proliferative) signaling, avoidance of immune annihilation (destruction), deregulation of cell energetics, avoidance of apoptosis, shunning of anti-growth signals, metastasis and tissue invasion, endless multiplication (replication) potential, and extended (sustained) tumor angiogenesis. There are two characteristics that enable tumor growth and metastasis: genetic instability and mutability, and inflammation.