Transition to an intelligent use of cleaner biomass stoves

In Europe, inappropriate user behaviours in the operation of wood-burning stoves (WBSs) results in substantial energy losses where fireplaces and conventional stoves are major contributors to undue emissions of health damaging fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The design and adoption of cleaner WBSs are relevant issues to save energy and avoid greenhouse gas (CO2e) emissions. This work compares the operating performance of 3 types of biomass stoves used in Europe in their interaction with dwellings. Field studies were conducted in 24 houses in Portugal and Denmark to analyse wood-burning behaviours and their contribution to residential heating. Laboratory and energy simulations were performed to study their thermal efficiency, PM2.5 emissions and the influence of their usage on the indoor climate. This work shows that the operation of enclosed stoves in uninsulated Iberian homes emit more PM2.5 than the Ecodesign thresholds and cannot provide a stable comfort temperature. Despite reducing the CO2e emissions by more than 3 times in relation to the use of open fireplaces, the operation of cast-iron stoves in insulated Nordic dwellings might cause overheating events. Independently of the European latitude, the adoption of more advanced stove retrofits and digital devices is a relevant measure to accomplish the Ecodesign goals through a better regulation of fuel loads and combustion air-inlets. Thus, the knowledge dissemination on cleaner wood-burning practices and the implementation of financial incentives towards a proper operation of biofuels in efficient installations according to each socio-economic context might support the transition to a carbon neutral use of WBSs.