Reakcije kvaternizacije izonikotinamida po principima zelene kemije

U ovom radu cilj bio je ispitati primjenu eutektičkih otapala na bazi kolin-klorida te primjenu ultrazvuka u sintezi kvaternih derivata izonikotinamida. Teorijski dio rada obuhvaća svojstva i primjenu eutektičkih otapala i ultrazvuka u organskoj sintezi, kvaterne amonijeve spojeve, njihova svojstva, potencijalnu biološku aktivnost i primjenu istih u znanosti i industriji. Eksperimentalni dio rada obuhvaća sintezu kvaternih derivata izonikotinamida metodama po principima zelene kemije. Rezultati pokazuju kako su skoro sva ispitana eutektička otapala dobar alternativni medij za kvaternizaciju izonikotinamida i supstituiranih 2-bromacetofenona. Najveće je iskorištenje (96 %) dobiveno u reakciji kvaternizacije izonikotinamida i 2, 4-dibromacetofenona u eutektičkom otapalu ChCl : oksalna kiselina 1 : 1. Ultrazvučnom su metodom uglavnom dobivena slična iskorištenja u odnosu na konvencionalnu metodu pri čemu je u reakciji kvaternizacije izonikotinamida i 2, 4'-dibromacetofenona u eutektičkom otapalu ChCl : oksalna kiselina 1 : 1 postignuto najviše iskorištenje (94 %). In this paper, the goal was to examine the use of choline chloride-based eutectic solvents and the use of ultrasound in the synthesis of quaternized isonicotinamide derivatives. The theoretical part will discuss the properties and applications of eutectic solvents and ultrasound in organic synthesis, as well as quaternary ammonium compounds, their properties, potential biological activity and their application in science and industry. The experimental part of the paper, the synthesis of quaternized isonicotinamide derivatives, includes methods in accordance with the principles of green chemistry. The results show that almost all eutectic solvents tested are a good alternative medium for the quaternization of isonicotinamide and substituted 2-bromoacetophenones. The highest yield (96%) was obtained in the quaternization reaction of isonicotinamide and 2,4’-dibromoacetophenone in the eutectic solvent ChCl: oxalic acid 1: 1. The ultrasound method generally yielded similar yields as the conventional method, where the quaternization reaction of isonicotinamide and 2,4’-dibromacetophenone in the eutectic solvent ChCl: oxalic acid 1: 1 gave the highest yield (94%).