Orbital-to-millennial scale climate variability during Marine Isotope Stages 5 to 3 in northeast Iberia

The climate during the last glacial cycle was characterized by abrupt millennial-scale changes superimposed on long-term orbital control. This study examines this climate variability for northeast Iberia for the time interval 118.9 to 36.9 kyr using a multi-proxy approach (δ18O, δ13C and Mg/Ca) applied to a stalagmite that covers this period continuously. During Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 and 4, δ18O is controlled by orbital pacing, whereby more humid conditions prevailed during minima in boreal summer precession. In contrast, during MIS 3 δ18O lags precession and co-varies with δ13C (ρ = 0.53, p-value