Membranous Pulmonary Atresia Treated by Radiofrequency-Assisted Balloon Pulmonary Valvotomy

A full-term neonate presented with systemic arterial hypoxia at 12 hours of age. Examination revealed a single second heart sound preceded by a holosystolic murmur. The ECG and chest X-ray demonstrated right atrial enlargement. Cross-sectional echocardiography demonstrated severe right ventricular hypertrophy and mild high-velocity tricuspid regurgitation. The pulmonary valve was normally formed and mobile, with a membrane connecting the leaflet tips, creating functional atresia (Figure 1 and Figure 2⇓). At cardiac catheterization, the diagnosis was …