Risk assessment of beauvericin, enniatins and fusaproliferin present in follow-up infant formula by in vitro evaluation of the duodenal and colonic bioaccessibility

In this study, 72 samples of follow-up infant formula of Spanish origin were analyzed for the presence of the mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENs) (A, A1, B, B1), and fusaproliferin (FUS). The samples analyzed were extracted three times with ethyl acetate and then the mycotoxins were identified and quantified using a liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a diode array detector (DAD). The positive samples analyzed in this study were digested through a simulated gastrointestinal digestion model, which permit to simulate the physiological condition of the human gastrointestinal tract (duodenal and colonic compartments) in order to assess the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds contained in the follow-up infant formula, and to perform the approach to the risk assessment related to the intake of these bioactive compounds. The EN B, was detected in 12 of the totally positive samples with a mean value of 32.3 ± 1.2 mg/kg, whereas the EN A was evidenced only in one sample with a value of 149.62 ± 2.36 mg/kg. The EN A1 presented a mean contamination of 55.36 ± 2.1 mg/kg. The duodenal bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds present in the analyzed samples ranged from 0.37 to 22.41%, whereas employing the duodenal + colonic digestion the mean bioaccessibility of the mycotoxins studied ranged from 1.63 to 29.00%.