Aqueous Solutions: Quantum Specification

Phonon spectrometrics and contact-angle measurements revealed the essentiality of anti-HB (hydrogen bond), super-HB, and electrified-HB representing molecular interactions in the Lewis acid, base, and adduct (salt) solutions, respectively. Hydronium creation (H3O tetrahedron with one lone pair) in acid solution results in the H↔H anti-HB that breaks the O:H–O bond network, diluting blood flow for instance; hydroxide (OH tetrahedron with three lone pairs) leads to the O:↔:O super-HB that serves as a point compressor to the hydration network, releasing heat by softening the H–O bond at hydrating. Salt ions create each an electric field that aligns, clusters, polarizes, and stretches water molecular dipoles in a supersolid hydration-shell manner. The electrification-induced phonon relaxation disperses the quasisolid phase boundary outwardly and hence lowers the freezing temperature and raises the melting point. O:H–O bond electrification also raise the viscosity, skin stress, H–O phonon lifetime, but depresses the order of fluctuation and the coefficient of molecular rotation and self-diffusion in the hydration shells. The extent of electrification is molecular site, solute concentration and type dependent, following the Hofmeister series.