Monolithic 3D integration: A powerful alternative to classical 2D scaling

Monolithic or sequential 3D Integration is a powerful technological enabler for actual 3D IC design as the stacked layers can be connected at the transistor scale. This paper reviews the opportunities brought by M3DI and highlights the applications benefiting from this small 3D contact pitch. It also presents the technological challenges of this concept and offers a general overview of the potential solutions to obtain a high performance low temperature top transistor while keeping bottom MOSFET integrity.