Vaccine Therapy in Sarcoma

Vaccine therapy has been a widely explored immunotherapy modality in sarcoma. Ongoing studies continue to explore its future role in the therapeutic landscape of sarcoma. Many subtypes of sarcoma are ideal vaccine targets given their wide expression of immunogenic proteins and antigens, including cancer-testis antigen family (NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A3, PRAME, and LAGE-1), gangliosides (GM2, GD2, and GD3), and sarcoma-specific fusion proteins (SSX, FOXO1, EWSR1, and TLS CHOP). These sarcoma features and others, including tumor lysate and dendritic cells pulsed with antigen, have been exploited in various vaccine strategies. While vaccine therapy has induced some responses in sarcomas, further research will help to identify optimal treatment strategies in these patients and tailoring of immunotherapeutic approaches by sarcoma subtype and each unique biology.