High-performance of sodium carboxylate-derived materials for electrochemical energy storage

Four types of sustainable sodium carboxylate-derived materials are investigated as novel electrodes with high performance for lithium-ion batteries. Benefiting from the porous morphology provided by their intermolecular interactions, increasing capacity, excellent cycle stability and superior rate performance are observed for the sodium carboxylate- derived materials. The sodium oxalate (SO) electrodes displayed an increasing discharging capacity at a current density of 50 mA g−1 with with maximum values of 242.9 mA h g−1 for SO-631 and 373.9 mA h g−1 for SO-541 during the 100th cycle. In addition, the SO-541, SC-541 (sodium citrate), ST- 541 (sodium tartrate) and SP-541 (sodium pyromellitate) electrode materials displayed high initial capacities of 619.6, 392.3, 403.7 and 278.1 mA h g−1, respectively, with capacity retentions of 179%, 148%, 173% and 108%, respectively, after 200 cycles at 50 mA g−1 with. Even at a high current density of 2,000 mA g−1 with, the capacities remain 157.6, 131.3, 146.6 and 137.0 mA h g−1, respectively. With these superior electrochemical properties, the sodium carboxylate-derived materials could be considered as promising organic electrode materials for large-scale sustainable lithium-ion batteries.