Submerged and buried Pleistocene river channels in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea): Geomorphic, stratigraphic and tectonic inferences

We use multibeam sonar scanning of the seafloor and high-resolution sub-bottom sonar profiling to investigate pre-Holocene geomorphic features in the Gulf of Trieste that are visible in seafloor topography. We focus on two channel-like features, the Paleorižana and Paleoreka. Sub-bottom profiles and published core log data reveal that these features represent the transgressive surface at the boundary between Pleistocene continental and Holocene marine sedimentation. The geometry of the paleosurface, the architecture, and the acoustic facies of underlying sediment bodies clearly show that this surface represents an alluvial plain containing a moderate- to low-energy floodplain. The Paleorižana feature represents a meander belt with multiple meander scars and oxbow lakes, while the Paleoreka is a single, slightly sinuous channel river with well-developed levees. Geomorphic characteristics of the two rivers are replicated in the seafloor topography in astonishing detail, despite being draped by up to 10 m of Holocene marine sediments. We extract Paleoreka thalweg depths from sub-bottom profiles to construct a longitudinal channel profile, which runs approximately perpendicular to the main tectonic structures of the Gulf. We find no evidence of long-term mm-scale localized relative vertical tectonic movements which were previously inferred from repeated geodetic levelling surveys along the SW-NE oriented Slovenian coastline. We speculate that the geodetic data may instead indicate short-term interseismic deformation along the Slovenian coast, which would necessitate further investigation of tectonic activity and seismic hazard in the Gulf area.