Explosion energy estimates based on propagation modeling of observed infrasound airwaves

Energetic explosions in the atmosphere produce blast waves, which propagate as infrasound (low-frequency sound waves) and can be detectable at long ranges. Numerous empirical models have been developed to relate explosion energies of events (in terms of trinitrotoluene-equivalent yield) to the metrics of observed infrasonic signals (e.g., peak amplitude, period, and impulse per unit area). However, the existing empirical models often do not take into account variability of atmosphere (e.g., temperature, pressure, and wind) and an empirical model determined in a certain meteorological specification may not be valid in another weather scenario. In this case, unmodeled propagation effects can compromise the accuracy of source energy estimates. We propose another approach to determine explosion energy based on numerical simulations. Infrasound propagation in a given meteorological circumstance is simulated by a full 3-D finite difference method providing accurate Green's functions between the source and recei...