Improving the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 anode by phosphorus reduction at a relatively low temperature

A novel and efficient method is demonstrated to improve the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 and metal-oxide anodes. In contrast to other methods, inexpensive red phosphorus powder is used as a reducing reagent, and the reduction is conducted at a relatively low temperature of 400 °C. This method offers a low cost and effective way for Li4Ti5O12 and metal-oxide anode applications.