A review of cardiovascular toxicity of TiO2, ZnO and Ag nanoparticles (NPs)

To ensure the safe use of nanoparticles (NPs) in modern society, it is necessary and urgent to assess the potential toxicity of NPs. Cardiovascular system is required for the systemic distribution of NPs entering circulation. Therefore, the adverse cardiovascular effects of NPs have gained extensive research interests. Metal based NPs, such as TiO2, ZnO and Ag NPs, are among the most popular NPs found in commercially available products. They may also have potential applications in biomedicine, which could increase their contact with cardiovascular systems. This review aimed at providing an overview about the adverse cardiovascular effects of TiO2, ZnO and Ag NPs. We discussed about the bio-distribution of NPs following different exposure routes. We also discussed about the cardiovascular toxicity of TiO2, ZnO and Ag NPs as assessed by in vivo and in vitro models. The possible mechanisms and contribution of physicochemical properties of metal based NPs were also discussed.