Deactivation of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) at the End of Life

Heart failure (HF) treatment is based on pharmacological therapy, interventional and surgical procedures and cardiac devices implantation. Implantable devices are primarily used to prevent sudden death as with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), to treat left ventricular dysfunction and complete left bundle branch block through cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT), eventually also associated with ICD (CRT-D), and to treat bradyarrhythmias with the cardiac pacemaker (PM).