A review of the composition and chemistry of peridotite mantle xenoliths in volcanic rocks from Antarctica and their relevance to petrological and geophysical models for the lithospheric mantle

This chapter reviews the geochemistry and petrology of mantle peridotite xenoliths from across Antarctica, including parameters that are of most relevance to geophysical studies. This Memoir is the first time such a complete overview of the chemistry of Antarctic mantle xenoliths has been available and Antarctica should no longer be the ignored continent in studies of mantle xenoliths in volcanic rocks. Xenoliths indicate that the chemistry, heat flow and water content of the Antarctic lithospheric mantle varies regionally at scales of one to thousands of kilometres. The prevalence of variability in xenoliths suggests that the Antarctic mantle is ubiquitously heterogeneous. This has important, yet unquantified, implications for interpreting geophysical data and for reference Earth models used in Antarctic geophysical studies. Information about and interpretations of Antarctic mantle xenoliths can be linked to studies from once adjacent continental blocks in Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand and South America. Together, this can improve understanding of the mantle contribution to glacial isostatic adjustment and geodynamic models to show how the Antarctic mantle fits with adjacent continents in the puzzle of lithospheric blocks. Numerous, fundamental and important research questions remain unanswered making further study of the Antarctic mantle an exciting prospect for future research.