Immunity and persistence in hepatitis C virus infection

Humans are the only known natural host for the hepatitis C virus and the majority of cases result in chronic infection. Identification of acute infection is difficult because symptoms are often subtle or absent. Thus, much remains to be learned about the early mechanisms conferring resolution of infection. The study of spontaneously resolved individuals has revealed a multispecific and sustained antigen-specific immune response, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Evidence is mounting that a cooperative immune response involving both innate and adaptive immunity may be required to successfully eradicate hepatitis C virus infection.