The Exercise–Cognition Interaction and ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent and enduring neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by marked inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity, which causes impairment across multiple settings. Oftentimes, neurocognitive dysfunction is also evident although the pattern of weaknesses differs across individuals. Current evidence-based treatments show limited long-term benefits on the trajectory of the disorder leading to calls for novel ways to treat ADHD. Physical exercise offers potential as either an alternative mode of intervention or an additional component to a current treatment regimen. In animals and healthy individuals, physical activity has shown positive effects on brain structure and function. Several pilot studies have shown a positive impact of physical activity on cognitive functioning and behavior of individuals with ADHD. We call on the field to develop randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of exercise as a treatment for ADHD.