Use of nanoparticulate systems to salvage the myocardium

When the heart can no longer meet the body’s demands by providing sufficient blood pressure and/or flow, heart failure arises. The body responds to this failure, such as releasing neurohormones that stimulate the organs, retaining salt and water by the kidneys, and changing cellular and organ structure and function by activating intracellular signaling pathways in the vasculature and heart. At first, lower cardiac performance can be counteracted by these “compensatory” responses. However, these responses eventually contribute to disease progression by raising the probability of organ failure and exacerbating clinical prognosis. Heart failure may present with many variations in clinical presentation, but some symptoms are common, such as fatigue, fluid retention, and shortness of breath. Systolic heart failure (dilated heart and contractile failure) occurs in approximately 50% of all people. Diastolic heart failure (heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)) comprises the other 50% and usually presents with a hypertrophied, nondilated heart which contracts normally. There is a rise in the worldwide prevalence of HFpEF, but the condition has not been well-investigated.