A 4D Small Data Solution in a Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Seismic-Driven History Matching Workflow

Time-lapse seismic monitoring is a powerful technique for reservoir management and the optimization of hydrocarbon recovery. In time-lapse seismic datasets, the difference in seismic properties across different vintages enables the detection of spatio-temporal changes in saturated properties and structure induced by production. The main objectives are (1) to identify bypass pay zones in time-lapse seismic data for the deepwater Amberjack field, located in the Gulf of Mexico, (2) confirm the identified bypass pay zones in the results of reservoir simulation, and (3) recommend well planning strategies to exploit these bypassed resources. A high-fidelity seismic-to-simulation 4D workflow that incorporates seismic, petrophysics, petrophysical property modeling, and reservoir simulation was employed, which leveraged cross-discipline interaction, interpretation, and integration to extend asset management capabilities. The workflow addresses geology (well log interpretation and framework development), geophysics (seismic interpretation, velocity modeling, and seismic inversion), and petrophysical property modeling (earth models and co-located co-simulation of petrophysical properties with P-impedance from seismic inversion). An embedded petro-elastic model (PEM) in the reservoir simulator is then used to affiliate spatial dry rock properties with saturation properties to compute dynamic elastic properties, which can be related to multi-vintage P-impedance from time-lapse seismic inversion. In the absence of the requisite dry rock properties for the PEM, a small data engine is used to determine these absent properties using metaheuristic optimization techniques. Specifically, two particle swarm optimization (PSO) applications, including an exterior penalty function (EPF), are modified resulting in the development of nested and average methods, respectively. These methods simultaneously calculate the missing rock parameters (dry rock bulk modulus, shear modulus, and density) necessary for dynamic, embedded P-impedance calculation in the history-constrained reservoir simulation results. Afterward, a graphic-enabled method was devised to appropriately classify the threshold to discriminate non-reservoir (including bypassed pay) and reservoir from the P-impedance difference. Its results are compared to unsupervised learning (k-means clustering and hierarchical clustering). From seismic data, one can identify bypassed pay locations, which are confirmed from reservoir simulation after conducting a seismic-driven history match. Finally, infill wells are planned, and then modeled in the reservoir simulator.