Stemness Underpinning All Steps of Human Colorectal Cancer Defines the Core of Effective Therapeutic Strategies

Despite their lethality and ensuing clinical and therapeutic relevance, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remain elusive, poorly characterized biological entities. Here we show how tumor-initiating, human CRC stem-like cells (CCSCs) can establish faithful orthotopic phenocopies of the original disease, which contain cells that spread into the circulatory system. While in the vascular bed, these cells retain stemness, thus qualifying as circulating CCSCs (cCCSCs). This is followed by the establishment of lesions in distant organs, which also contain resident metastatic CCSCs (mCCSCs). Our results support the concept that throughout all the stages of CRC, stemness is retained as a continuous property by some of their tumor cells. Importantly, we describe a useful standardized model that can enable isolation and stable perpetuation of human CRC's CCSCs, circulating and metastatic CCSCs, providing a useful platform for studies of CRC initiation and progression that is suitable for the discovery of reliable stage-specific biomarkers and the refinement of new patient-tailored therapies. Funding Statement: This work was supported by grants from AIRC (IG-14368) and MIUR (GR-2011-02351534, RC1703IC36). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. A.L. Vescovi has ownership interest in Hyperstem SA. Ethics Approval Statement: Fresh human colorectal cancer and blood specimens were collected from consenting patients at IRCCS “Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori” (IRST) and IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”. All samples were obtained under protocols approved by the Research Ethics Boards (B063 and 94/CE). All animal procedures were carried out in strict accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) at the University of Milan-Bicocca.