Analysis of Benzylpiperazine-like Compounds

1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine, newly controlled as narcotics in Japan on 2003, and their analogues were analyzed. The analytical data with color test, thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) are presented. The BZP-like compounds were less sensitive to Simon's reagent than amphetamine type stimulants on spot plates. Using on-site screening kit based on Simon's test (X-Checker®), BZP indicated almost the same result as methamphetamine. For TLC, the solvent system, methanol −25% aqueous ammonia (100 : 1.5), was the best among the systems examined. Iodoplatinate reagent was the most sensitive one to detect BZP. The IR spectra showed sufficient differences to make identification. Trimethylsilylation was the most appropriate choice for the GC/MS analysis of BZP-like compounds in terms of the peak shapes, separation and stability (using a J&W DB-5MS column). In LC/MS analysis, the gradient elution (10 mM formic acid and acetonitrile) using a Waters Symmetry Shield C18 column achieved discrimination of isomers except for 1-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazine and 1-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine. The cone voltage of 30 V was recommended for the LC/MS screening. The information would be useful for identification of piperazines in confiscated powders, liquids or tablets.