Four-Stage Cu3O2 Bonding Dynamics

VLLED has enabled quantification of the four-stage Cu3O2 pairing-tetrahedra formation in the Cu(001) surface transiting from O− to O2− with production of the missing rows, Cu-O-Cu chains, oppositely paired Cup crossing the missing rows. The surface stress turns from tensile in the O− derived first phase to the O2− derived second phase. The phase transition dynamics is beyond the scope of computations from the perspective of total energy minimization or structural optimization. Annealing relaxes the Cu3O2 bond geometry, the SPB, and the valence states accordingly while heating at a dull-red color de-hybridizes the sp orbits of oxygen, desorption will occur at higher temperatures.