Comparing the Impact of Serum GPER-1 and Oxidant/Antioxidant Levels on Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients and Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study

Aims This research sought to determine the impact of serum G receptor-mediated protein-1 (GPER-1) levels on the development of retinopathy in diabetic patients, comparing them to healthy individuals. Methods Forty patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) (Group 1), 40 patients without DR (NDR) (Group 2) and 40 healthy individuals (Group 3) were included in this study. Serum progesterone, GPER-1, oestradiol, oxidant/antioxidant and thyroid-releasing hormone (TSH) levels were analysed and compared among the groups. Post hoc analysis was performed to compare the sub-groups in which statistically significant differences were found. Results A significant difference was found among all groups in terms of GPER-1, oxidant/antioxidant and oestradiol levels (p