Radiological features of pulmonary fat embolism in trauma patients: a case series

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare complication in trauma patients (usually with long bone fractures) in which migrating medullary fat precipitates multiorgan dysfunction, classically presenting with dyspnoea, petechiae and neurocognitive dysfunction. Although this triad of symptoms is rare, it nonetheless aids diagnosis of pulmonary fat embolism (PuFE). Typical imaging features of PuFE are not established, although increasing use of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in this cohort may provide important diagnostic information. We therefore conducted a case series of FES patients with CTPA imaging at a Level 1 Trauma Centre in Melbourne, Australia. Medical records and various radiological investigations including CTPA of consecutive patients diagnosed clinically with FES between 2006 and 2018, including demographics, injury and their progress during their admission, were reviewed. Fifteen FES patients with retrievable CTPAs were included (mean age 31.2 years, range 17–69; 12 males [80%]). 93.3% had long bone fractures. CTPA was performed 2.00 ± 1.41 days post-admission. Review of these images showed pulmonary opacity in 14 (93.3%; ground-glass opacities in 9 [64.3%], alveolar opacities in 6 [42.9%]), interlobular septal thickening in 10 (66.7%), and pleural effusions in 7 (46.7%). Filling defects were identified in three (20%) CTPAs, with density measuring − 20HU to + 63HU. Ten patients (66.7%) had neuroimaging performed, with two patients demonstrating imaging findings consistent with cerebral fat emboli. CTPA features of PuFE are variable, with ground-glass parenchymal changes and septal thickening most commonly seen. Filling defects were uncommon.