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Epidemiology and risk factors for endemic typhoid fever in Uzbekistan
- Source :
- Tropical Medicine & International Health. 12:838-847
- Publication Year :
- 2007
- Publisher :
- Wiley, 2007.
-
Abstract
- Summary Background To investigate the risk factors for infection with endemic typhoid fever in the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan. Methods Case–control study of culture-confirmed bloodstream infection with Salmonella Typhi. Patients were compared to age-matched community controls. Salmonella Typhi isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Results We enrolled 97 patients and 192 controls. The median age of patients was 19 years. In a conditional regression model, consumption of unboiled surface water outside the home [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–8.2], use of antimicrobials in the 2 weeks preceding onset of symptoms (aOR = 12.2, 95% CI 4.0–37.0), and being a student (aOR = 4.0, 95% CI 1.4–11.3) were independently associated with typhoid fever. Routinely washing vegetables (aOR 0.06, 95% CI 0.02–0.2) and dining at a tea-house (aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–1.0) were associated with protection against illness. Salmonella Typhi resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was identified in 6 (15%) of 41 isolates tested. Conclusions Endemic typhoid fever in Uzbekistan is transmitted by contaminated water. Recent use of antimicrobials also increased risk of infection. Targeted efforts at improving drinking water quality, especially for students and young adults, are likely to decrease transmission of typhoid fever. Measures to decrease the unnecessary use of antimicrobials would be expected to reduce the risk of typhoid fever and decrease the spread of multiple drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi. Donnees de base Investiguer les facteurs de risque pour l'infection a la fievre typhoide endemique dans la region de Samarkand en Ouzbekistan. Methodes etude cas-temoins de l'infection de la circulation sanguine par Salmonella Typhi, confirmee par la culture. Les patients ont ete compares a des temoins d’âge comparable dans la communaute. Le test de sensibilite aux antimicrobiens a ete realise sur les isolats disponibles de Salmonella Typhi. Resultats Nous avons recrute 97 patients et 192 temoins. L’âge median des patients etait de 19 ans. Dans un modele de regression conditionnelle, la consommation d'eau de surface non bouillie hors de la maison [rapport de cotes ajuste (aOR) = 3,0; intervalle de confiance a 95% (IC95%): 1,1–8,2], l'utilisation d'antimicrobiens dans les deux semaines precedant le debut des symptomes (aOR = 12,2; IC95%: 4,0–37,0) et le fait d’etre etudiant (aOR = 4,0; IC95%: 1,4–11,3) etaient independamment associes a la fievre typhoide. Le lavage regulier des legumes (aOR = 0,06; IC95%: 0,02–0,2) et le fait de diner dans un salon de the (aOR = 0,4; IC95%: 0,2–1,0) etaient associes a la protection contre la maladie. Des souches de Salmonella Typhi resistantes a l'ampicilline, au chloramphenicol et au trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole ont ete identifiees chez 6 (15%) des 41 isolats examines. Conclusions La fievre typhoide endemique en Ouzbekistan est transmise par l'eau souillee. L'utilisation recente des antimicrobiens a egalement augmente le risque d'infection. Les efforts vises a ameliorer la qualite de l'eau potable, particulierement pour les etudiants et les jeunes adultes, sont susceptibles de diminuer la transmission de la fievre typhoide. Des mesures pour la reduction de l'utilisation non necessaire des antimicrobiens devraient reduire le risque de fievre typhoide et la propagation de souches MDR de Salmonella Typhi. Antecedentes Investigar los factores de riesgo para infeccion con fiebre tifoidea endemica en la region de Samarkand de Uzbekistan. Metodos Estudio caso-control de infeccion sanguinea por Salmonella Typhi, confirmada mediante cultivo. Se comparo a los pacientes vs. controles comunitarios, apareados por edad. La susceptibilidad a antimicrobianos se determino sobre aislados disponibles de Salmonella Typhi. Resultados Se incluyeron 97 pacientes y 192 controles. La edad media de los pacientes era 19 anos. En un modelo de regresion condicional, el consumo de agua superficial, fuera de casa, sin hervir [odds ratio ajustado (ORa) = 3.0, 95% intervalo de confianza (IC) = 1.1–8.2], el uso de antimicrobianos en las dos semanas anteriores al comienzo de los sintomas (aOR = 12.2, 95% IC 4.0–37.0), y el ser estudiante (ORa = 4.0, 95% IC 1.4–11.3), estaban independientemente asociadas a la fiebre tifoidea. El lavado rutinario de los vegetales (ORa 0.06, 95% IC 0.02–0.2) y el cenar en una casa de te (ORa 0.4, 95% IC 0.2–1.0) estaban asociadas a proteccion frente a la enfermedad. Se identifico resistencia a ampicilina, cloranfenicol, y trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol en 6 (15%) de los 41 aislados de Salmonella Typhi testados. Conclusiones La fiebre tifoidea endemica en Uzbekistan se transmite mediante agua contaminada. El uso reciente de antimicrobianos ha aumentado el riesgo de infeccion. Esfuerzos dirigidos a mejorar la calidad del agua potable, especialmente para estudiantes y jovenes adultos, podria disminuir la transmision de fiebre tifoidea. Se esperaria tambien que el tomar medidas para disminuir el uso innecesario de antimicrobianos redujese el riesgo de fiebre tifoidea y disminuyese la propagacion de cepas Salmonella Typhi multirresistentes.
- Subjects :
- Gynecology
medicine.medical_specialty
Salmonella
business.industry
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Environmental exposure
medicine.disease
medicine.disease_cause
Salmonella typhi
Typhoid fever
Surgery
Contaminated water
Infectious Diseases
Increased risk
Epidemiology
Tropical medicine
medicine
Parasitology
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 13602276
- Volume :
- 12
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Tropical Medicine & International Health
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi...........710a3c7dddbff1ef06d4b2beaa419e91
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01853.x