Bending and torsion models of beams with induced-strain actuators

This paper develops one-dimensional pure bending, coupled bending and extension, and combined bending, extension and torsion models of isotropic beams with induced-strain actuation. A finite thickness adhesive layer between the crystal and beam is included to incorporate shear lag effects. Experimental tests evaluate the accuracy and limitations of the models. The bending and coupled bending and extension models show acceptable correlation with static test results whereas the combined extension, bearing, torsion model predicts the system behavior poorly and needs refinement.