Dual-use conundrum: Towards the weaponization of outer space?

The accumulating tensions between major space powers increase the likelihood of space conflict. Though outer space is widely militarized, presumably it has not been weaponized. However, the dual-use nature of space technology raises serious concerns about its utilization. The article reviews and compares chosen space systems and technology with the residual offensive capability that could be misused for malicious purposes and could be utilized as space weapons. Demonstrated space-related technology, namely space launch vehicles, small satellites, satellites as weapon platforms, information technology and active debris removal systems, have broad dual-use consequences that can eventually lead to the weaponization of outer space. Nevertheless, space conflict would most likely result in undesired proliferation of space debris with irreversible impact on space environment. The states should promote responsible behaviour concerning emerging space technology and should seek further consideration of space norms that would sustain peaceful uses of outer space.