Molecular phylogeny supports invalidation of Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides (Digenea: Diplostomidae) and reveals a Tylodelphys from mammals

Alaria, Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides are among genera of diplostomid digeneans known to parasitize mammalian definitive hosts. Despite numerous recent molecular phylogenetic studies of diplostomids, limited DNA sequence data is available from diplostomids parasitic in mammals. Herein, we provide the first 28S rDNA and cox1 mtDNA sequences from morphologically identified, adult specimens of Didelphodiplostomum and Pharyngostomoides. Newly generated 28S sequences were used to infer the phylogenetic interrelationships of these two genera among other major lineages of diplostomoideans. The phylogeny based on 28S and a review of morphology clearly suggests that Pharyngostomoides should be considered a junior synonym of Alaria, while Didelphodiplostomum should be considered a junior synonym of Tylodelphys. Pharyngostomoides procyonis (type species), Pharyngostomoides adenocephala and Pharyngostomoides dasyuri were transferred into Alaria as Alaria procyonis comb. nov., Alaria adenocephala comb. nov. and Alaria dasyuri comb. nov.; Didelphodiplostomum variabile (type species) and Didelphodiplostomum nunezae were transferred into Tylodelphys as Tylodelphys variabilis comb. nov. and Tylodelphys nunezae comb. nov. In addition, Alaria ovalis comb. nov. (formerly included in Pharyngostomoides) was restored and transferred into Alaria based on a morphological study of well-fixed, adult specimens and the comparison of cox1 DNA sequences among Alaria spp. The diplostomid genus Parallelorchis was restored based on review of morphology.