Real-time observation of electronic, vibrational, and rotational dynamics in nitric oxide with attosecond soft x-ray pulses at 400 eV

Photoinduced quantum dynamics in molecules have hierarchical temporal structures with different energy scales that are associated with electron and nuclear motions. Femtosecond-to-attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) using high-harmonic generation (HHG) with a photon energy below 300 eV has been a powerful tool to observe such electron and nuclear dynamics in a table-top manner. However, comprehensive measurements of the electronic, vibrational, and rotational molecular dynamics have not yet been achieved. Here we demonstrate HHG-based TAS at the nitrogen $K$K-edge (400 eV) for the first time to our knowledge and observe all the electronic, vibrational, and rotational degrees of freedom in a nitric oxide molecule at attosecond to sub-picosecond time scales. This method of employing core-to-valence transitions offers an all-optical approach to reveal the complete molecular dynamics in photochemical reactions with element and electronic state specificity.