Integration of Apocarotenoid Profile and Expression Pattern ofCarotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenasesduring Mycorrhization in Rice

Carotenoids are susceptible to degrading processes initiated by oxidative cleavage reactions mediated by Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases that break their backbone, leading to products called apocarotenoids. These carotenoid-derived metabolites include the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones, and different signaling molecules and growth regulators, which are utilized by plants to coordinate many aspects of their life. Several apocarotenoids have been recruited for the communication between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and as regulators of the establishment of AM symbiosis. However, our knowledge on their biosynthetic pathways and the regulation of their pattern during AM symbiosis is still limited. In this study, we generated a qualitative and quantitative profile of apocarotenoids in roots and shoots of rice plants exposed to high/low phosphate concentrations, and upon AM symbiosis in a time course experiment covering different stages of growth and AM development. To get deeper insights in the biology of apocarotenoids during this plant-fungal symbiosis, we complemented the metabolic profiles by determining the expression pattern ofCCDgenes, taking advantage of chemometric tools. This analysis revealed the specific profiles ofCCDgenes and apocarotenoids across different stages of AM symbiosis and phosphate supply conditions, identifying novel markers at both local and systemic levels.HighlightOur study presents the profiles ofCCDgene expression and apocarotenoids across different stages of AM symbiosis and Pi supply conditions and reveals novel AM markers at both local and systemic levels.