U-Pb geochronology of monazite in Precambrian tuffs reveals depositional and metamorphic histories

Uranium-lead geochronology of zircon in felsic tuffs plays a key role in the development of chronostratigraphic frameworks for sedimentary successions. This is particularly true for Precambrian basins, where biostratigraphy is of limited use for age determination or stratigraphic correlation. Although zircon is widely used to date tuffs, it can yield null results due to the presence of xenocrystic populations or isotopic resetting. Other potential U-Pb chronometers, such as monazite, which also crystallize from felsic magmas, are largely unreported from felsic tuff layers. Consequently, there has been a lack of studies to evaluate the potential of monazite for U-Pb isotope geochronology of tuffs. We present results of in situ U-Pb ion microprobe dating of monazite that co-exists with zircon in felsic tuffs from two Precambrian basins: the Earaheedy Basin (Frere Formation) in Western Australia and the Bushveld Basin (Lephala Formation) in southern Africa. We show that 207Pb/206Pb ages from monazite in felsic tuffs from the Frere Formation (1891 ± 9 Ma) and the Lephala Formation (2307 ± 9 Ma) are identical to zircon ages from the respective tuffs. Also, monazite in the Bushveld tuff preserves additional information, including a chronological fingerprint of the volcanic source (2.4–2.5 Ga xenocrysts) and the timing of low-grade metamorphism (2.16 Ga overgrowths). The ca. 2.16 Ga low-grade metamorphism identified in the Bushveld Basin is reminiscent of that widely recorded in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australian, lending support to arguments for a connection between the Kaapvaal and Pilbara cratons. Igneous and low-grade metamorphic monazites are readily distinguished based on texture and chemistry. Our study demonstrates that monazite can be used to accurately date felsic tuffs, offering a powerful tool for constraining depositional and metamorphic histories of Precambrian sedimentary basins.