Endocranial volumes of early African hominids, and the role of the brain in human mosaic evolution

Volumetric data are presented for 16 of the early hominids from both South and East Africa. Although the sample sizes are small, the statistical data support the conclusion that at least three taxa are represented; Australopithecus africanus, A. robustus , and Homo habilis . These data, plus certain morphological attributes, indicate that the brains of early hominids were reorganized to a human pattern, regardless of their small endocranial capacities. Some speculative suggestions are made regarding the possible relationship between brain and body weights, as well as Stephan's (1972) “progression indices”. If the speculations are correct, they provide additional support for the idea that brain reorganization occurred early in human evolution, and that concepts which regard the brain as having a more terminal role in human mosaic evolution are incorrect, as all of the fossil encephalization or “progression indices” are in the range of modern Homo sapiens .