NosocomialPseudomonas aeruginosaregulates alginate biosynthesis and Type VI secretion system during adaptive and convergent evolution for coinfection in critically ill COVID-19 patients

COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of death globally and caused huge impact on the health of infected patients. Shift in the lung microbial ecology upon such viral infection often worsens the disease and increases host susceptibility to secondary infections. Recent studies have indicated that bacterial coinfection is an unignorable factor contributing to the aggravation of COVID-19 and posing great challenge to clinical treatments. However, there is still a lack of in-depth investigation on the coinfecting bacteria in COVID-19 patients for better treatment of bacterial coinfection. With the knowledge thatPseudomonas aeruginosais one of the top coinfecting pathogens, we analyzed the adaptation and convergent evolution of nosocomialP. aeruginosaisolated from two critical COVID-19 patients in this study. We sequenced and compared the genomes and transcriptomes ofP. aeruginosaisolates longitudinally and parallelly for its evolutionary traits.P. aeruginosaoverexpressed alginate and attenuated Type VI secretion system (T6SS) during coinfection for excessive biofilm formation and suppressed virulence. Results of bacterial competition assay and macrophage cytotoxicity test indicated thatP. aeruginosareduced its virulence towards both prokaryotic competitors and eukaryotic host through inhibiting its T6SS during evolution.P. aeuginosaT6SS is thus one of the reasons for its advantage to cause coinfection in COVID-19 patients while the attenuation of T6SS could cause a shift in the microecological composition in the lung. Our study will contribute to the development of therapeutic measures and the discovery of novel drug target to eliminateP. aeruginosacoinfection in COVID-19 patient.