Early Life Adversity and Blunted Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Psychological Stress: The Role of Current Depressive Symptoms

OBJECTIVE The pathways underlying the early life adversity and cardiovascular reactivity association remain unclear. The current study examined the role of current depressive symptoms on this relationship. METHODS Mediation analyses were conducted using data from 639 participants drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS II) Biomarker Project. Responses were derived from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ] and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]). Participants had their systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) monitored throughout a standardized stress testing protocol. RESULTS The association between early life adversity and reactivity was mediated by current depressive symptoms; all adversity factors were linked to higher levels of current depressive symptoms, which in turn, were associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity. For emotional abuse, this was noted for SBP (β = -.06, 95% CI [-.13,-.01]; and DBP: β = - .04, [-.07,-.01]), physical abuse (SBP: β = -.05, [-.11,-.01]; DBP: β = -.03, [-.06,-.01]), sexual abuse (SBP: β = -.04, [-.09,-.01]; DBP: β = -.02, [-.05,-.01]), emotional neglect (SBP: β = -.04, [-.09,-.01]; DBP: β = -.02, [-.05,-.01]), physical neglect (SBP: β = -.09, [-.17,-.02]; DBP: β = -.05, [-.09,-.02]) and total CTQ (SBP: β = -.02, [-.03,-.00]; DBP: β = -.01, [-.02,-.00]). CONCLUSIONS The present findings extend research and demonstrate that depression is an underlying mechanism linking early life adversity and blunted cardiovascular reactivity.