Chemical content and seasonal variation of throughfall and litterflow under individual trees in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran

We assessed the effect of seasons and the tree species velvet maple (Acer velutinum Boiss), Hainbuche hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castanefolia C. A. Mey.; Fagaceae) on nutrient fluxes (Na+, K+ and Ca2+) in throughfall (TF) and litter flow (LF) from January 2012 to February 2013. Potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) in total TF and LF over the measurement period significantly differed between 3 the species (p