Effect of supplemental l-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) in enriched live food on the immune response of Penaeus vannamei exposed to ammonia-N

The effects of supplemental vitamin C, in the form l -ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) in enriched live food dietary (Artemia) on reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and free radical scavenging enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase) activities in muscle of Penaeus vannamei exposed to ambient ammonia-N were investigated. The results showed ROIs values of shrimps fed the starved and enriched Artemia increased with increased ammonia-N concentration. The ROIs value of shrimps fed the enriched Artemia exposed to increasing ammonia-N concentration were 37.4%, 26.4% and 31.1% lower (P