25-Hydroxycholesterol suppresses interleukin-1–driven inflammation downstream of type I interferon

Bad cholesterol: Bad for bacteria, too? Why do viral infections, such as the common cold, leave people more susceptible to bacterial pneumonia? One reason is that type I interferons, secreted proteins that initiate antiviral immune responses, suppress other inflammatory molecules that protect against bacterial infection. Reboldi et al. investigated how this suppression occurs on a molecular level in mice. Interferons stimulated expression of a particular enzyme that catalyzes the production of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). 25-HC inhibits the function of the transcription factor SREBP, which normally drives expression of the gene that encodes interleukin-1, a secreted inflammatory protein with wide-ranging antibacterial functions. Science , this issue p. 679