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Airborne optical polarization imaging for observation of submarine Kelvin wakes on the sea surface: Imaging chain and simulation
- Source :
- ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 178:136-154
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2021.
-
Abstract
- The interaction between a moving submarine and seawater generates characteristic wakes on the sea surface, enabling indirect detection of undersea objects via airborne remote sensing. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using visible-light polarization imaging to observe submarine wakes. The key links in the imagine chain are considered separately. These include the polarization patterns of skylight, the elevations and slopes of submarine wakes and sea waves, and the changes in the sea surface polarized bidirectional reflectance characteristics due to modulation of gravity–capillary waves by the wake’s velocity field. A complete model of the airborne optical polarization imaging process is constructed and images are simulated via ray tracing. All theories proposed are verified by a series of terrestrial observation experiments. The results show that both the sea surface roughness modulation by the wake’s velocity field and the sea surface slope formed by wake elevation play significant roles in the imaging process. The wake features in the Stokes vector linear polarization component (Q, U) images are effectively enhanced, and the environmental adverse effect on these images is smaller than that on the intensity images. The degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and angle of polarization (AoP) images exhibit acceptable contrast under certain zenith and azimuth angles. Thus, our analysis confirms that airborne optical polarization imaging has considerable potential for observing wakes and other small- and medium-scale ocean dynamic processes.
- Subjects :
- 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
business.industry
Linear polarization
0211 other engineering and technologies
Optical polarization
02 engineering and technology
Wake
Polarization (waves)
01 natural sciences
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Computer Science Applications
Azimuth
Ray tracing (physics)
symbols.namesake
Optics
symbols
Surface roughness
Stokes parameters
Computers in Earth Sciences
business
Engineering (miscellaneous)
Geology
021101 geological & geomatics engineering
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 09242716
- Volume :
- 178
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi...........a07b508057ef82bb92e959f6a9ccd1b9
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.06.001