Цивільно-Правовий Режим Безготівкових Грошей

Розглянуті наукові теорії безготівкових грошей, проаналізовано чинне законодавство України, що встановлює їх певний правовий режим та судова практика. Встановлено, що безготівкові гроші – це правові вимоги та кореспондуючі їм обов'язки, які фіксуються та обліковуються шляхом записів на банківських рахунках. Вони не є речами, а тому на них не може розповсюджуватися режим права власності. Не можуть вони ототожнюватися й із записами на банківських рахунках. Такі записи становлять собою лише спосіб обліку. Поняття ж «грошова сума» визначає ідеальне, розрахункове явище, тому також не може розглядатися у якості об'єкта права власності. Показано, яке практичне значення має подібне розуміння правового режиму не тільки для цивільного права, а й для інших галузей. Рассмотрены научные теории денег, проанализировано действующее законодательство Украины, которое устанавливает для них определенный правовой режим и судебная практика. Установлено, безналичные деньги – это правовые требования и корреспондирующие им обязанности, которые фиксируются и учитываются путем записей на банковских счетах. Они не являются вещами, а потому на них не может распространяться режим права собственности. Не могут они отождествляться и с записями на банковских счетах. Такие записи составляют собой лишь способ учета. Понятие же «денежная сумма» определяет идеальное, расчетное явление, поэтому также не может рассматриваться в качестве объекта права собственности. Показано, какое практическое значение имеет подобное понимание правового режима не только для гражданского права, а и для иных отраслей права. The absence in the theory of the right of unanimity of views on the legal regime of non-cash money makes it difficult to clearly formulate the content of the rule of law designed to regulate the relations that arise with respect to these objects. In turn, the uncertainty of the legal regime of non-cash money leads to a different application of the same rules of substantive law by courts. And this does not contribute to the stability of Ukraine's civil turnover. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to clarify the civil-law regime of non-cash money. And the first step towards achieving this goal is to define the concept of non-cash money as an object of civil rights. The work examined the scientific theories of non-cash money, analyzed the current legislation of Ukraine, establishing their specific legal regime and judicial practice. It is established that non-cash money along with cash is one of the forms of the existence of money (finance). They are able to transform into cash and vice versa, that is, to change their form. Moreover, this transformation takes place only with the help of the banking system. In the course of the study, it was justified to conclude that non-cash money is legal requirements and the corresponding responsibilities, which are recorded and accounted for by entries in bank accounts. They are not things, and therefore they cannot be subject to the regime of property rights. They cannot be identified with records on bank accounts. Such records are only a method of accounting. The concept of the "money amount" determines an ideal, calculated phenomenon, therefore, cannot be considered as an object of ownership. It is concluded that when transferring cash that exists in the form of banknotes and coins, the right of ownership passes to the acquirer. This approach is not only universally recognized in the theory of civil law, but also reflected in the legislation of Ukraine. Actually, the transfer of ownership of cash from the client to the bank and the appearance in the client of a legal requirement to the bank and is a transformation of the cash form into a non-cash form. The article also shows the practical importance of such an understanding of the legal regime, not only for the civil law but also for other industries.
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