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Influence of precursor sulfur content on film formation and compositional changes in Cu2ZnSnS4 films and solar cells
- Source :
- Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 98:110-117
- Publication Year :
- 2012
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2012.
-
Abstract
- Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films are made using sulfurisation of co-sputtered metallic and sulfur-containing precursor films. The CZTS grain size is larger for metallic precursors than for sulfur-containing precursors while more uniform films with fewer voids are obtained in the latter case. During sulfurisation of precursors with tin-excess in closed quartz ampoules, tin is lost from the films with greater losses from metallic precursors. We suggest that the reduced grain size and the reduced tin-loss for sulfur-containing precursors can be explained by a larger number of CZTS nuclei being formed early in the sulfurisation process. In sulfur containing precursors with large tin excess, SnS2 is observed together with CZTS, and a tin-rich bottom layer segregates. This indicates that tin-diffusion in CZTS is relatively slow. Solar cell devices made for a range of compositions at and around stoichiometric CZTS show highest efficiencies in two compositional groups; Zn-rich and Cu-poor/Sn-rich, while close to stoichiometric material gives poor devices. Devices including the tin-rich bottom layer show efficiencies of up to 3.2%. The role of secondary phases such as ZnS and SnS2 on device performance is discussed.
- Subjects :
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Metallurgy
chemistry.chemical_element
engineering.material
Zinc sulfide
Grain size
Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
law.invention
chemistry.chemical_compound
Copper sulfide
chemistry
Chemical engineering
law
Solar cell
engineering
Kesterite
CZTS
Thin film
Tin
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 09270248
- Volume :
- 98
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi...........a4753cf5e50036d570b3351d3d01b7ff